What is the Energy Charter Treaty?
The Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) is an international agreement from the mid-1990s. Investor rights apply to 53 countries stretching from Western Europe through Central Asia to Japan, plus the EU and the European Atomic Energy Community. It grants corporations in the energy sector enormous power to sue states at international investment tribunals for billions of dollars, for example, if a government decides to stop new oil or gas pipelines or to phase out coal.
Negotiations for this treaty mostly took place away from the public eye. This means the ECT has so far largely escaped the global storm of opposition which has otherwise hit investor-state dispute settlement in the past decade. Now many more countries in Africa and the Middle East, Asia, and Latin America are in the process of joining the treaty, often without any public debate.
To European governments, parliaments and EU institutions:
Pull out of the Energy Charter Treaty and stop its expansion to other countries! The treaty allows coal, oil and gas corporations to obstruct the transition to a clean energy system. Disarm fossil fuel firms now, so they can no longer impede urgent climate action!”
This petition is supported by a wide coalition of organisations, including Avaaz, Campact, Climate Action Network (CAN) Europe, Corporate Europe Observatory, Transnational Institute, WeMove and many others.
All information on this website has been extracted from the report “One treaty to rule them all” and the report “Silent Expansion – Will the world’s most dangerous investment treaty take the global south hostage?” However, most data on the site has been updated up to October 2020. Download dataset of ECT cases up to October 2020.
“The Energy Charter Treaty offers unparalleled opportunities for investors in the energy sector to protect their foreign investments and enforce those protections through international arbitration.”
Lawyers at investment arbitration law firm Skadden Arps Slate Meagher & Flom
The chronology of an ECT investment arbitration
How has the ECT been used
in the first 20 years?
An explosion of cases
No other international trade or investment agreement in the world has triggered more investor-state lawsuits than the Energy Charter Treaty. As of October 2021, a total of 143 corporate claims were initiated by a foreign investors against a host State. And the number of claims has exploded in recent years. While just 19 cases were registered during the first 10 years of the agreement (1998-2007), 102 investor lawsuits were filed during this last decade (2010-2019), representing an increase in 437% in the numbers of filed cases. This trend is likely to continue. In fact, since the beginning of the COVID-19 (2020-2021), 14 new ECT cases were brought against EU member States.
States under attack – A legal nightmare for East and West
While in the first 15 years of the agreement 89% of ECT-lawsuits hit states in Central and Eastern Europe, and Central Asia, between 2013 and october 2021, 67% of the investor claims filed were against countries in Western Europe.
“Investment treaties were designed to protect European investments abroad. But now they’ve come back to bite Europe.”
Investment arbitration lawyer Mahnaz Malik
The investors suing – Western European companies cashing in
Companies and individuals registered in the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg, the UK, and Cyprus, make up 63% of the 143 investors involved in known claims by the end of october 2021.
The ECT – a powerful weapon for mailbox companies
Thanks to the ECT’s overly broad definition of “investor” and “investment”, many of the companies suing under the ECT are mere mailbox companies (firms with hardly any employees in those countries but used by large corporations to shift profits and avoid paying taxes).
An extraordinary 24 out of the 25 supposedly ‘Dutch’ investors who led ECT-lawsuits by the October 2021 are such mailbox companies. They include Khan Netherlands (used by Canadian mining company Khan Resources to sue Mongolia even though Canada is not even a party to the ECT), and Isolux Infrastructure Netherlands and Charanne (both used by Spanish businessmen Luis Delso and José Gomis, two of the richest Spaniards, to sue Spain).
ECT-abuse by mailbox companies
24 out of 25 ECT cases filed by alleged “Dutch” investors are from mere mailbox companies.
“The ECT has been on the radar screen of “treaty shoppers” for some time.”
Arbitration lawyer Paul M. Blyschak
The ECT is increasingly being used by speculative financial investors such as portfolio investors and holding companies. In 89 per cent of lawsuits filed until October 2021 over cuts to support schemes for renewable energy in Spain, the claimant is not a renewable energy firm, but an equity fund or other type of financial investor, often with links to the coal, oil, gas, and nuclear industries. Several of the funds only invested when Spain was already in full-blown economic crisis mode and some changes to the support schemes had already been made (which the funds later argued undermined their profit expectations). Some investors view the ECT not only as an insurance policy, but as an additional source of profit.
ECT claims are dominated by financial investors
… of all know ECT lawsuits were filed by private equity funds or other types of financial investors
… of the 50 lawsuits over cuts to support schemes for renewables in Spain were filed by financial investors, not renewable energy firms.
Investors win in the majority of cases
By October 2021, 38% of known ECT cases remained undecided. But the majority (60%) of resolved lawsuits have favoured the investor.
11 % Settled
(9 cases)
39 %
Decided in
favour of the
state (30 cases)
49 %
Decided in
favour of the
investor (36 cases)
Investors won or achieved a settlement in 60 per cent of the concluded ECT cases
More and more money is at stake for states and taxpayers
There are 15 ECT suits in which investors – mostly large corporations or very wealthy individuals – sued for US$1 billion or more in damages.
“This is the public’s money at stake…. The person paying for it isn’t big business… or anyone who could afford it, no it’s the poor man in the streets.”
Arbitration lawyer
ECT cases pending until October 2021
Claims which could still be won by the investors have a collective monetary value of US$10.5 billion (information is available for less than half of pending cases). The staggering price tags of ECT lawsuits show the potentially disastrous impacts they can have on public budgets.
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Combined value of ongoing ECT cases (which could be won or lost) until October 2020 |
Estimated annual amount of money needed for Africa to adapt to climate change |
Governments have been ordered or agreed to pay more than US$57.2 billion in damages from the public purse
|
Total amount of money governments have been ordered or agreed to pay in damages |
Annual investment needed to provide access to energy for everyone who lacks it globally |
Some of the most expensive claims in the history of ISDS include ECT cases such as Vattenfall’s challenge to Germany for over US$5.1 billion as a result of its exit from nuclear power.
The majority of ECT claims are intra-EU disputes, which sideline EU courts
68 per cent of ECT investor lawsuits were brought by an investor from one EU member state against the government of another member state, claiming large sums of public money arguably not available to them under the EU legal system. In September 2021, the European Court of Justice ruled that the investor-state arbitration proceedings under the Energy Charter Treaty were not compatible with EU Law. This is in line with the previous ruling of the ECJ of March 2018 stating that intra-EU investor-state proceedings under bilateral investment treaties violate EU law as they sideline EU courts. However ISDS tribunals are not obliged by this decision since arbitrators do not belong to the jurisdiction that the decision of the ECJ mandates.
Nearly half of all known intra-EU investment disputes were launched under the ECT (the others being based on bilateral treaties).
… of all all ECT claims are intra-EU
… of all all known intra-EU investor disputes were filed under the ECT
“The Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) is by far the most often invoked investment treaty in intra-EU relations.”
Lawyer from law firm Stibbe
How corporations can use the Energy Charter Treaty to kill the energy transition
The fossil industry’s friend
The ECT is a powerful tool in the hands of big oil, gas, and coal companies to discourage governments from transitioning to clean energy. They have used the ECT and other investment deals to challenge oil drilling bans, the rejection of pipelines, taxes on fossil fuels, and moratoria on and phase-outs of controversial types of energy. Corporations have also used the ECT to bully decision-makers into submission. Vattenfall’s €1.4 billion legal attack on environmental standards for a coal-fired power plant in Germany forced the local government to relax the regulations to settle the case.
… of all ECT cases, which were known at the end of 2012, pertained to oil, gas, or coal
… share of investors who sued via the ECT by the end of 2012 were fossil fuel companies or otherwise involved in dirty energy projects
The ECT can be used to attack governments that aim to reduce energy poverty and make electricity affordable.
Under the ECT Bulgaria and Hungary have already been sued for compensation in the hundreds of millions, in part for curbing big energy’s profits and pushing for lower electricity prices. Investment lawyers were considering similar action against the UK, when the government announced a cap on energy prices to end rip-off bills.
“Public funds should be used to support the shift to clean energy not to compensate polluters for their lost future revenues when they have not adapted their business model in a timely and responsible way.”
Professor Gus van Harten, Osgoode Hall Law School
The ECT is currently being framed as a solution to global warming. But the treaty is hardly acting as a champion of small-scale and renewable enterprises.
A prime example are the many cases that have challenged cuts to support for renewable energy in Spain. Almost half of the known ECT-claims against the country (24 out of 50) involve investors with links to the gas, coal, oil, and nuclear industries. The ECT is an all risk insurance policy for investors who speculated in the Spanish renewables sector and are now suing the State for their hypothetical future profits.
Read more
The dirty secrets of the ‘renewable claims’ against Spain
Almost half of the 47 claims have been filed by investors with links to the coal, oil, gas, and nuclear industries.
“Energy transition from fossil fuels to renewables will require states and state entities to reconsider and possibly recalibrate existing license, concession and production sharing agreements, leading to claims by investors.”
Global Arbitration Review magazine
Which countries are about to sign on to the ECT and who is pushing for the treaty’s expansion?
Many countries across the world are about to join the ECT, threatening to bind them into corporate-friendly energy policies. Burundi, Eswatini (former Swaziland) and Mauritania are most advanced in the accession process (ratifying the ECT internally). Next in line is Pakistan (where investment arbitration is controversial, but which has already been invited to accede to the ECT), followed by Uganda (waiting for the invitation to join). A number of countries are in different stages of preparing their accession reports (Benin, Serbia, Morocco, Chad, China, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Niger, Gambia, Nigeria, Panama and Senegal). Many more countries have signed the non-binding International Energy Charter political declaration, which is considered the first step towards accession to the legally binding Energy Charter Treaty.
Listen to a podcast co-produced by CEO, SEATINI and TNI, with Pia Eberhardt, Faith Lumonya and Cecilia Olivet discussing the dangers of the ECT expansion.
There is an alarming lack of awareness about the ECT’s political and financial risks in the ECT’s potential new signatory states.
Officials from ministries with experience in negotiating investment treaties and defending investor-state arbitrations are largely absent from the process, which is being led by energy ministries. This is worrying as many of these countries already have disastrous experience with investor lawsuits under other investment agreements, which could multiply if they sign on to the ECT. This is reminiscent of the 1990s when developing countries signed heaps of bilateral investment treaties hoping they would bring investment whilst remaining largely unaware of the risks.
“The Energy Charter Secretariat is in expansion mode, wanting to gain access to energy resources in Africa and Asia for its current – mostly developed – country members.”
Nathalie Bernasconi-Osterwalder, International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD)
The expansion process is aggressively promoted by the ECT Secretariat, the EU, and the arbitration industry,
who are eager to gain access to the rich energy resources in the global South and to expand their own power and profit opportunities. While they downplay or dismiss the risks to states of acceding to the ECT, they promote the agreement as a necessary condition for the attraction of foreign investment, and in particular clean energy investment for all. But there is currently no evidence that the agreement helps to reduce energy poverty and facilitate investment, let alone investment into renewable energy.
The ECT accession risks
An avalanche of expensive lawsuits – for decades
Today no other trade and investment agreement has triggered more investor-state lawsuits than the ECT. By October 2020 a total of 134 ECT investor lawsuits were listed on the website of the ECT Secretariat. Both the number of cases and the amount of money at stake for public budgets and taxpayers is on the rise.
Undoing reform with an old treaty that bites
The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) has warned about ECT-like “old generation” investment treaties, which“are not ‘harmless’ political declarations, but do ‘bite’”. The EU, too, has recently stated that while the ECT is “outdated provisions are no longer sustainable or adequate for the current challenges”. Remarkably, several countries which are terminating or reforming their existing investment treaties over concerns about being able to maintain their policy space, still seem ready to undermine these reforms by signing up to the ECT. Tanzania and Uganda, for example, have both started terminating old investment treaties such as with the Netherlands that had been criticised as “biased”. Also, Nigeria and Morocco signed an investment
treaty with each other which differs significantly from the ECT. So, while many countries are seeing the dangers inherent in an overempowered investors’ rights regime and rolling back commitments from past investment treaties, the dangers of the ECT do not yet appear to be on their radar.
Driving the climate crisis by locking-in fossil fuels
Climate scientists agree that three quarters of the world’s remaining fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas) need to stay in the ground if we do not want to cause dangerous, runaway global heating. But governments which halt dirty power plants or drilling rigs could be held liable for millions if not billions of damages under the ECT. The treaty could also be used to put significant pressure on governments to allow new projects which would accelerate climate change and further lockin fossil fuel dependence. This danger is illustrated by several existing cases, such as Rockhopper’s ongoing legal challenge to Italy’s ban on new off-shore oil drilling projects, as well as ECT litigation threats against laws to put an end to fossil fuel extraction (in France), and to ban the use of coal for electricity production (in the Netherlands).
Locking-in the failures of energy privatisations
In many parts of the world communities and governments are reversing failed privatisations and taking energy distribution systems back into public hands. Often such energy privatisations have led to higher prices for consumers, poorer service, underinvestment in infrastructure, workers being fired, harsher conditions on the job – and the list goes on. But reversing failed energy privatisations can trigger investor-state lawsuits with potential damages claims running into millions. This happened, for example, to Albania after it revoked the electricity distribution license of Czech energy giant ČEZ. Also, When in 2019 the opposition British Labour Party planned to take the energy industry back under public control, arbitration lawyers predicted a “flood of claims” under the ECT and other investment deals.
Undermining efforts to make electricity affordable for all
Energy poverty is a reality across the globe. It is estimated that 600 million people still don’t have access to electricity in Africa. A key to address this problem is the ability of governments to regulate electricity prices, and impose a cap when needed. But the ECT could be used to undermine government action to reduce energy poverty. Several Eastern European countries have already been sued under the ECT because they took steps to curb big energy’s profits and lower electricity prices for consumers. In the UK investment lawyers predicted “more regulatory disputes” under the ECT when the former Conservative government under Theresa May announced a cap on energy prices for consumers.
Restricting sovereignty over energy resources
Many countries and regions on the ECT accession road are significant fossil-fuel producers and/or on the verge of multiplying production: China is the world’s biggest producer of coal as well as the world’s fifth producer of oil ; Nigeria is Africa’s largest producer of oil and gas; both Bangladesh and Pakistan are building new coal power plants expected to triple their coal power generation capacity; the East African Community is actively advertising fossil fuel investments, aiming to fully “develop Partner States’ petroleum potential”. The ECT would significantly boost the power of foreign energy investors in these and other accession countries, not only risking locking in fossil fuel dependency and further driving the climate crisis, but also restricting countries’ policy-space. Under the ECT large energy companies can sue governments if they, for example, decide to apply taxes on windfall profits, force companies to hire local workers, transfer technology, or process raw materials before they are exported.
The ECT empty promises
The ECT will not solve energy poverty
Many countries hope that by joining the ECT they will attract investment to end energy poverty. This hope is nurtured by the Secretariat and other ECT advocates who repeatedly assert “the Treaty’s potential… to attract foreign investments to the energy sector” to “eradicate energy poverty”. A PR text on Africa and the ECT suggests: “Perhaps the key to unlocking Africa’s investment potential in order to guarantee universal access to energy and to overcome energy poverty is the Energy Charter Treaty.”
The ECT’s investment rules, however, do not live up to these promises: as with other similar agreements, there is no hard evidence that it actually encourages investment.
The ECT will not advance the energy transition
Proponents of the ECT – and ISDS more broadly – sometimes claim that they are effective tools to combat climate change. They argue that by reducing investment risks, the ECT helps to attract capital into clean energy and that its ISDS enforcement mechanism is a way to put strong pressure on states to keep their climate promises, as in cases in which investors have sued countries for cutting support to renewable energy projects. However, there is no evidence that the ECT actually has a positive impact on flows of investment in any sector, including into clean energy. The agreement neither discourages climate-wrecking oil, gas, and coal investments, nor does it encourage a transition to genuine renewable energy from wind, wave, and solar.
More importantly the ECT might not just fail to facilitate a transition away from fossil fuels and towards renewables, but could actively impede it . According to a former employee at the ECT Secretariat, “investments in fossil fuels represented at least 61% of total investments protected by the ECT”.
ECT modernisation will not fix the problems
In 2017, ECT member states began assessing “the potential need and/or usefulness of updating, clarifying or modernising” the agreement’s investor rights and in November 2018 approved a list of topics for discussion. ECT proponents like the European Commission argue that this will make the agreement climate-friendly and costly lawsuits against legitimate regulation less likely.
The modernisation agenda, however, does not live up to these promises. Meaningful reform options are missing from the list of topics that will be discussed: the exclusion of carbon-intensive energy investments from the scope of the ECT, and the exclusion of ISDS. Both would prevent polluters from challenging climate change mitigation actions of states outside of their legal systems, limiting the risk of a chilling effect on climate action.
Every treaty amendment would require a unanimity vote by the ECT parties and parties such as Japan have already stated that they see no need for any amendments. This is why, even the European Commission considered it “not realistic” that the ECT will really be amended and why more and more experts and a large number of civil society organisations argue for a withdrawal from the treaty entirely.
“Energy investment would of course take place if there was no Treaty.”
Howard Chase, chairman of the Energy Charter’s Industry Advisory Panel
Who are the ECT profiteers?
A small number of arbitrators dominate ECT decision-making
Until end of 2017, 25 arbitrators had captured the decision-making in 44 per cent of the ECT cases while two-thirds have also acted as legal counsel in other investment treaty disputes. Acting as arbitrator and lawyer in different cases has led to growing concerns over conflicts of interest, particularly because this small group of lawyers have secured extremely corporate-friendly interpretations of the ECT, paving the way for even more expensive claims against states in the future.
Some of the busiest ECT arbitrators with a track record of siding with corporations
Five elite law firms have been involved in nearly half of all known ECT investor lawsuits
Law firms have been key drivers of the surge in ECT cases, relentlessly advertising the treaty’s vast litigation options to their corporate clients, encouraging them to sue countries.
The 10 busiest law firms in known ECT claims
Third party funders are becoming more and more established in ECT arbitrations.
These investment funds finance the legal costs in investor-state disputes in exchange for a share in any granted award or settlement. This is likely to further fuel the boom in arbitrations, increase costs for cash-strapped governments, and make them more likely to cave in to corporate demands.
“Third party funding is poorly regulated internationally. The identity of third party funders is rarely public information and is sometimes even withheld from countries being sued.”
Trade Justice Movement UK
Putting polluters in the driving seat
The Secretariat has close links with energy companies and forprofit lawyers who make money when investors sue states under the ECT. This is strikingly illustrated by the advisory bodies which the Secretariat has set up: the Industry Advisory Panel and the Legal Advisory Task Force.
More than 80 per cent of the companies on the ECT’s Industry Advisory Panel make money with oil, gas, and coal.
Members of the ECT Industry Advisory Panel
(Click on image to view)
Two thirds of the lawyers on the ECT’s Legal Advisory Task Force have a financial stake in investor lawsuits against states.
Members of the ECT Legal Advisory Task Force
Both advisory groups are given ample opportunities to influence the Secretariat, ECT member states, and the wider Charter process in their own interest. Several high-ranking officials at the ECT Secretariat were with arbitration law firms before and/or after they worked at the Secretariat.
ECT emblematic cases
ECT modernisation
The ECT modernisation process is bound to fail; pulling out is the only option
The clock is ticking on climate change, but ECT parties are wasting time with potentially endless negotiations to ‘modernise’ the dangerous treaty. In November 2018 a list of topics for modernisation negotiations was approved. The 7th round of negotiations took place in October 2021with no progress been made on the substantial parts of the Treaty. Negotiations are now underway with a stocktaking planned for 16-17 December 2021, when the Energy Charter Conference will meet in Baku, Azerbaijan.
The agenda for the modernisation talks does not live up to the promise of making the ECT climate-friendly. Two of the most obvious and effective reform options are missing from the list of topics that will be discussed: firstly, the exclusion of carbon-intensive energy investments from the scope of the ECT, and secondly, the exclusion of investor-state dispute settlement or ISDS. Both options would prevent polluters from challenging climate change mitigation actions by states outside of their national legal systems, limiting the risk of a chilling effect on climate action.
Cosmetic changes such as those proposed by the European Commission, will not prevent ECT lawsuits against climate action. While the EU proposal for the ECT modernisation contains nice-sounding formulations on states’ right to regulate and the Paris Agreement, they will not shield climate response measures from ISDS challenges. As environmental law group ClientEarth argues: “The ECT, even if revised according to the Commission’s proposal, would still lead to a dangerous chilling effect on environmental and social regulation. The fossil fuel industry does not need to win on the legal arguments. The threat or initiation of an ISDS claim can be enough to delay or undermine policy action, even across borders, regardless of the arbitration’s outcome.”
“It is unlikely that Contracting Parties would reach an agreement to align the Treaty with the Paris Climate Agreement.”
Masami Nakata, former assistant to the ECT Secretary General, on the ECT modernisation
A revised ECT may never see the light of day: members have clashing interests and any change requires unanimity. ECT parties such as Japan have already stated that they see no need for any amendments. An internal European Commission report from 2017 already considered it “not realistic” that the ECT will really be amended. As energy expert Yamina Saheb, a former employee at the ECT Secretariat, put it in a scathing report on the ECT modernisation in February 2020:
“The potential outcomes of ECT modernisation, if any, will be rather marginal compared to the challenges raised in more than two decades of the existence of the ECT…. Withdrawing from the ECT is, therefore, the only option left.”
Civil society calls on states to withdraw from the ECT if negotiations fail to deliver a fossil fuel-free and climate friendly ECT within a reasonable timeline. Rather than waste time and effort on a process that won’t improve the ECT and is unlikely to succeed, we need to focus on the real flaws. The ECT has no chance to be compatible with the Paris Agreement, unless, at the very least it:
1- Excludes fossil fuels from any treaty protection;
2- Removes the investor-state dispute settlement provisions from the agreement.
Anything short of these will not address the risks the ECT poses to climate policies and a just energy transition.
Reasons to leave or never join ECT
After 20 years of the ECT in action, it is clear that the dangers of its foreign investor rights outweigh any potential gains that states might have expected from signing the agreement. In summary, here are eight key reasons for leaving – or never joining – the ECT.
Reason #1: The ECT is a tool for big business to make governments pay when they regulate to fight climate change, make energy affordable, and protect other public interests. It has been used to attack environmental restrictions on dirty power plants, bans on climate-wrecking new fossil fuel projects, cuts to soaring electricity prices, rectifications to failed energy privatisations – and the list goes on.
Reason #2: Under the ECT governments can be forced to pay out billions in taxpayers’ money to compensate corporations, including for missed future profits that they could have earned in theory. The value of the ECT lawsuits pending at the end of 2020 – US$28 billion – exceeds the GDP of many countries and the estimated annual amount needed for Africa to adapt to climate change. Due to the opacity of ECT arbitrations, the actual figure is likely to be much higher.
Reason #3: The ECT is an instrument to undermine democracy and bully decision-makers, acting as a brake to desirable policy-making. This is particularly worrying for the rapidly-needed transition off fossil fuels and to wind, wave, and solar energy, which requires bold regulations by governments and will curtail the profits of some of the world’s largest oil, gas, and coal corporations.
Reason #4: Investor-state arbitration under the ECT is highly flawed. It is not fair and independent, but dominated by a self-serving, multi-million dollar industry of elite law firms, arbitrators, and speculative funds. At the expense of states and taxpayers, they have used their power to secure extremely corporate-friendly interpretations of the ECT and a steady flow of costly lawsuits.
Reason #5: The ECT’s investor privileges do not bring the economic benefits claimed for them. There is currently no evidence that the agreement helps to reduce energy poverty and facilitate investment, let alone investment into renewable energy. The ECT can even be used to undermine the clean energy transition and measures to guarantee affordable access to electricity for all.
Reason #6: The rules for settling investor disputes under the ECT undermine domestic legal systems and are at odds with the rule of law as they discriminate, being an exclusive legal channel for foreign investors alone. Following a recent ruling by the EU’s highest court, it is questionable whether the ECT’s investor privileges are even compatible with EU law.
Reason #7: It is highly unlikely that the ECT modernisation process, which started in 2017 will change the fundamental flaws of the agreement’s parallel justice system for corporations. Even minor reforms such as making investor lawsuits less secretive seem to be controversial within the ECT membership.
Reason #8: Due to its wide geographical reach and the near limitless rights it grants to investors in the energy sector, the ECT is arguably more dangerous for the public purse, public interest policies and democracy than other international investment treaties. Globally, no other agreement has triggered more investor attacks against states than the ECT.
All information on this website has been extracted from the report “One Treaty to rule them all: The ever-expanding Energy Charter Treaty and the power it gives corporations to halt the energy transition” and the report “Silent Expansion – Will the world’s most dangerous investment treaty take the global south hostage?. Download dataset of ECT cases up to October 2020.
Contact the authors:
Pia Eberhardt: Pia@corporateeurope.org
Cecilia Olivet: ceciliaolivet@tni.org
This website was produced by
PowerShift is a German non-governmental organization. Our goal is an ecologically and socially more just global economy. To this end, we use our expertise in trade, commodity and climate policy and forge strong alliances – with other organizations, social movements and citizens.
attac Austria is part of an international movement that advocates a democratic as well as socially, ecologically and gender-just design of the global economy. Our goal is a good life for all people living today and in the future.
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This website was produced by
Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO), a research and campaign group working to expose and challenge the disproportionate influence that corporations and their lobbyists exert over EU policy-making.
The Transnational Institute (TNI), an international research and advocacy institute committed to building a just, democratic and sustainable planet.